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Creators/Authors contains: "Chu, Aries"

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  1. With SAE Level 3 automated vehicles handling most driving tasks, there are still situations when the driver needs to take over. Multimodal displays have been introduced to inform drivers of the need to take over for critical scenarios (e.g., in construction zones) in instructional or informative formats. However, the effects of multimodal displays on takeover performance for drivers with hearing impairments are still unclear. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate how signal type (single tactile (T), single visual (V), and visual and tactile combined (VT)), information type (instructional, informative, and baseline), and hearing impairment (hearing-impaired and non-hearing-impaired drivers) affect drivers’ takeover performance. Findings show that signal type significantly influenced reaction and takeover times, with multimodal signals (VT) resulting in faster reactions compared to single modal signals. Additionally, the baseline condition yielded the faster reaction times compared to both instructional and informative formats. Hearing impairment, however, did not significantly affect reaction and takeover times. Findings may inform the development of future vehicle interfaces to assist drivers with hearing impairments. 
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